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Electricity generation with photovoltaic panels or solar panels, description of photovoltaic technology

Photovoltaic system

A photovoltaic system consisting of a series of solar panels, an inverter and other electrical equipment. A photovoltaic (PV) system consists of one or more solar panels in combination with an inverter and other electrical and mechanical equipment that uses solar energy to generate electricity. PV systems vary greatly in size, from small roof or portable systems to huge power plants at the public service level. Although PV systems can operate independently as off-grid systems, we describe the systems connected to the power grid or the PV systems connected to the grid.

 

How do these systems work?

Light from the sun, consisting of packets of energy called photons, falls on the solar panel and creates an electric current through a process called the photovoltaic effect. Each panel produces a relatively small amount of energy but can be connected to other panels to produce larger amounts of energy than a solar array. Electricity generated from a solar panel (or array) is in the form of direct current (DC). Although many electronic devices use DC electricity, including your phone or laptop, they are designed to operate by using an electrical network that provides (and requires) alternating current (AC). Therefore, solar electricity for use must first be converted from DC to AC by using an inverter. This AC power from the inverter can then be used to power the electronics locally or you can send it to the power grid for use elsewhere.

 

Rooftop solar PV system connected to the grid. System components:

In addition to solar panels, there are other important components of a photovoltaic system, commonly referred to as “balance of system” or BOS. These components (which typically represent more than half of system costs and most maintenance) may include inverters, stands, wiring, aggregators, circuit breakers, electric meters, and others.

 

Solar panel – description of operation

A solar panel is composed of many photovoltaic cells. The solar panel consists of many solar cells with semiconductor properties enclosed in an environmental protection material. These properties allow the cell to capture light, more specifically, photons from the sun and convert their energy into usable electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. On both sides of the semiconductor there is a layer of conductive material that "collects" the electricity produced. The illuminated side of the panel also contains an anti-reflective coating to reduce reflective losses. Most solar panels manufactured worldwide are made of crystalline silicon.

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